The former Portuguese Prime Minister, Antonio Costa, took over the Presidency of the European Council on 1 December. 'Unlike his three Belgian and Polish predecessors, António Costa comes from the south of the continent. He is also the first Socialist to hold the post, after two members of the EPP and one Liberal. This political choice is explained by the desire to represent the European majority (EPP, S&D, Renew) that already existed in 2019'. This study paints a portrait of the new President and looks back at his past political achievements in an attempt to outline the contours of his forthcoming term of office.

'Europe must completely change its immigration policy. It must move from a 'fortress Europe' to being a Europe that organises its immigration, so that it is conducive to its economic development'. This study looks at the migration issues facing the European Union and suggests ways of curbing illegal immigration and training people to meet Europe's needs.

As the new European Commission takes office, this study looks back at the key events of the previous legislature. The von der Leyen I Commission, which its President had intended to be "geopolitical", was marked by a succession of major crises that have shaped European policies over the last five years.

Since the break-up of the USSR in 1991, the five former Central Asian republics (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), which have now become independent, have been tactfully trying to free themselves from the dual grip of Russia and China and to apply a specific diplomacy to attract outside powers.

'Digital legislation has taken off, in autocracies and democracies alike. Its importance is universal, because digital technology poses challenges that are common to all states: the collection of personal data without users' knowledge, the precarious working conditions of couriers and delivery drivers, the monopolistic practices of major platforms, and attacks on dignity and internal security.' This study looks at the different approaches to digital legislation chosen by three giants: China, the United States and the European Union.

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Agenda

António Costa, a Socialist from the South, to preside over the European Council

The path to controlled immigration

A review of the Von der Leyen I Commission (2019-2024)

Central Asia: a player still largely unknown in Europe

Digital legislation: convergence or divergence of models? A comparative look at the European Union, China and the United States