Country Sheet : Romania

Information file

Last Update on July 2nd 2024

ROMANIA

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In English - version of July 2nd 2024

Geography

Area : 237,500 km²

Borders : 2,508 km; Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (east) 169 km

Coastline : 225 km

Capital : Bucharest

Official language : Romanian

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Population

Population : 19,054,550 (Q1 2024)

Crude natural change rate : -7.4‰ (2022)

Population repartition: 16.1% under 15 years old, 19.7% over 65 years old (2023)

Foreign residents: EU nationals 0.3%, non-EU nationals 0.3% (2019)

Crude net migration rate: -3.9‰ (2023 est.)

First time asylum applicants: 10,095 (2023)

Life expectancy: men 72.9 years, women 80 years (2023 est.)

Religions: Romanian Orthodox 85.3%, Roman Catholic 4.5%, Reformed 3%, Pentecostal 2.5%, other 4.7% (2021 est.)

Ethnic groups: Romanian 89.3%, Hungarian 6%, Roma 3.1%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.1%, other 0.9% (2021 est.)

Source : Eurostat, CIA World Factbook, National institute of Statistics

Economy

Currency: the leu (RON) (exchange rate July 2024: 1€ = 4.98 RON)

GDP: € 324,578.2 million (2023)

GDP per capita (PPS): € 10,250 (2023)

GDP growth : 2.1% (2023)

Inflation: 5.8% (May 2024)

Public debt: 48.8% of GDP (Q4 2023)

Unemployment: 5.3% (April 2024)

Stock of foreign direct investment from the entire world: 42.3% of GDP (2022)

Budget balance: -4.1% of GDP (Q3 2023)

Source : Eurostat, European Commission, National Bank of Romania, Trading Economics

Political system

Republic, semi-presidential regime (Constitution passed by referendum December 8th 1991).

Head of State: Klaus Iohannis (Independent, elected as National Liberal Party, PNL) since 21st December 2014 and reelected for a second term on 24th November 2019. The President is elected by direct universal suffrage for a once-renewable term of five years.

Prime Minister: Marcel Ciolacu. The Romanian Parliament gave its vote of confidence on June 15th 2023 to the new government of Marcel Ciolacu, supported by the Liberals (PNL) and Social Democrats (PSD).

Romania is a bicameral parliamentary system which includes a House of Deputies (Camera Deputatilor) and a Senate: Deputies (330 seats) and senators (136 seats) are elected for four years by direct universal suffrage according to proportional representation. A 5% threshold must be reached.

Political representation

Composition of the Chamber of Deputies (in April 2024):

105 seats PSD (Social Democratic Party)
79 seats PNL (National Liberal Party)
40 seats USR-PLUS (Save Romania Union and Party of Freedom, Unity and Solidarity)
31 seats AUR (Alliance for the unity of Romanians)
20 seats UDMR (Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania)
17 seats reserved to ethnic minorities
38 seats independant